Energetica India Magazine March 2022

energetica INDIA- Mar_2022 41 STORAGE Self-consumption The main use-case for stationary bat- tery storage until at least 2030 is going to be related to residential and com- mercial and industrial (C&I) storage systems providing customer energy time-shift for increased self-sufficiency or for reducing peak demand charges. This segment is expected to achieve more than 100 GWh by 2030. Photovoltaics (PV) self-consumption (SC) and the adoption of BESS is cur- rently allowed in the vast majority of the world’s countries (with defined technical connection rules), but there are many and very different approach- es to its economic regulations. Storage systems, from a technical point of view, are more efficient when placed as district storage units within the low-voltage (LV) distribution grid, en- abling more PV penetration at house- hold level, and, e.g., enabling more effective grid services such as voltage control. STORAGE APPLICATIONS AT THE DIFFERENT LEVELS OF THE ELECTRICAL SYSTEM 1. Generation level: Arbitrage, capacity firming, curtailment reductions 2. Transmission level: frequency and voltage control, investment deferral, curtailment reduction, black starting 3. Distribution level: voltage control, capacity support, curtailment reduc- tion 4. Customer level: peak shaving, time of use cost management, off-grid sup- ply Storage enables higher penetration of renewables into a grid Similarly, BESS are large-scale proj- ects that can be used to shift energy consumption from the daytime when it is generated to the night time when it is also needed. The more an electricity grid (of a country/island) relies on in- termittent renewable energy, the more important the role BESS plays in pro- viding stability. This is because BESS provides much more services than just supplying energy during periods when there is low/no generation. Aside from Bulk Energy Services (such as Energy Shifting), BESS is also uti- lized for use-cases known as Ancillary Services: 1. Operating Reserves — BESS can be used to provide back-up power to the whole grid in the event of plant outages or natural disasters 2. Frequency regulation — BESS can be used to smooth energy supply/demand imbalances that change the frequency (hertz) of electricity moving through transmission lines 3. Inertia — BESS can be used to har- monize the frequency of the grid in cer- tain difficult-to-access locations 4. Voltage Control — Frequency regula- tion for back-up generators 5. Black Start — Batteries can be used to jump-start natural gas plants Ancillary Services are necessary to sta- bilize electricity grids (ie prevent black- outs and brownouts), particularly those in emerging markets where grid infra- structure tends to be less maintained or overburdened. Additionally, BESS can also be used to defer investments in augmenting trans- mission & distribution lines that are no longer adequate to support the ener- Source: EASE, 2020, Applications summary. Overview, listing and brief description of all relevant applications for energy storage.